To keep up in politics, I often
listen to NPR Politics Podcast. They
have a segment every Thursday at the end of the podcast called, “Can’t let it
go.” It is when they talk about
something they just can stop thinking about – politics or otherwise. This blog is my current, “Can’t let it go”.
A colleague and friend came into
my office the other day and asked a question about a New Testament text. He told me the text and I first looked at it
in English – the ISV. It was John 8:25.
The ISV says, Then they asked him, "Who are
you?" Jesus told them, "What have I been telling you all along? My friend asked something like, “What is the
connection between this verse and Exodos 3:14? Someone else had asked him and he didn’t know
the answer. I read the verse again and
was confused by the question. Then I
read the Russian Synodal translation. It
reads, Тогда сказали Ему: кто
же Ты? Иисус сказал им: от начала Сущий, как и
говорю вам. The
last part translates something like, “[I am the One] existing from the
beginning, as I have already told you.” or maybe, “…as I am telling you.” Well, I thought to myself, that is a pretty
big difference. There must be a reason it
was translated this way in Russian. I
know that translations can sometimes be wrong, but, I don’t like to criticize
them because for the most part they are often very good. Also, for most people, their translation is
the only Bible they have. If I undermine
people’s confidence in their Bible, I am doing damage to the Kingdom rather
than helping to build it. So, how do I
disagree with a translation and not undermine confidence? Good question. My answer is by trying to understand how the
translators came to their conclusions.
That way I can say that even if I disagree, it is still a good
translation.
Back to John 8:25…my first
thought was that there is probably a textual variant. I looked at my UBS text and here is what I
found, “ελεγον ουν αυτω, Συ τις ει? ειπεν αυτοις ο Ιησους,
Την αρχην ο τι και λαλω υμιν? There is a variant. The relative and indefinite pronouns, ο τι (that, which), in some
manuscripts are combined into the conjunction, οτι (that or because). That
is significant, but it doesn’t help me see where the translation “the One
existing” – Сущий came
from. So, I told my colleague that there
was probably a textual variant that is not listed in the UBS. I will have to check my NA at home. That is exactly what I did, but it wasn’t
much help at first.
The problem phrase is Jesus
answer, “την αρχην ο τι και λαλω υμιν”. The verb and indirect object are clear – “I
am saying to you”. The problem is the
accusative, singular, feminine noun την αρχην, the relative pronoun ο, the indefinite pronoun τι and what to do with the conjunction και.
How do those go together with the main phrase? We can add to the mix that instead of ο τι, some manuscripts have οτι with is translated either as
“that” or “because”. At this point, as I
continued to not let this go, I reached out to several friends in the field for
help. Their input was very instructive. Thanks especially to Dr. D.A. Black (Brother
Dave - http://www.daveblackonline.com).
We can confidently translate λαλω υμιν as “I am telling you” or “I
have been saying”. This is a present
tense verb and communicates the idea of continuous action in the present. “I am telling you now.” την αρχην can be translated, the
beginning, severally, altogether, essentially, first
of all, in the beginning. If
we take την αρχην as “the beginning” and ο τι as “that, which” and then και as “also” instead of “and”,
then, because “the beginning” implies something that started in the past, we
can imply an extra verb “I was telling you”.
Then we can bring it all together as something like, “I am telling you
[now], that, which, [I have] also [been telling you from] the beginning.” The UBS and NA have a question mark at the
end of verse 25 and the TR does not. If
we rephrase the translation as a question we have something like, “Am I not
telling you now, what I have been telling from the beginning?” or “How is it
that I even speak to you at all?” (cf. Westcott, Milligan and Moulton from Biblehub.com). This second one requires ο τι to be οτι and translated “that”.
Another option could be if we supply the verb “I
am (εγω ειμι)” and take την αρχην as “essentially”, then we could translate Jesus’
answer as, “I am essentially that which I even speak to you.”. We can even drop the “I am”, smooth out the
English and have a dialogue something like this. Scribes and Pharisees, “Who are you?” Jesus, “[I am] essentially, that which I am
telling you!” or “essentially, that which I have been telling you! (implied:
all along!)” or the like.
A further option would be to
supply the verb “I am” in between την αρχην and ο τι. This is not unreasonable, because John
attributed the same phrase to Jesus in the previous verse, “…unless you believe
that I AM (εγω ειμι) then you will die in your
sins.” (John 8:24). If we supply την αρχην [εγω ειμι] ο τι και λαλω υμιν, (cf. Metzger, A Textual Commentary on
the Greek New Testament, second Edition. p. 191) then we can translate the
phrase something like, “I AM the one from the beginning, as I am telling you.”
or “…as I have been telling you.” This
seems to be the way the translators of the Synodal understood the verse and it
is reasonable. Metzger also points out
that some of the Old Latin, Vulgate, and Gothic translations read “Principium, qui et loquor vobis”, which
is very close to the Russian translation.
It is possible that the Latin translation had some influence on the
Russian translators. (cf. again Metzger, A Textual Commentary on the Greek New
Testament, second Edition. p. 191).
The Russian translation could
also find further support from some church fathers. If again we supply the verb “I am (εγω ειμι), the passage can be rendered
something like, I am the beginning, that which I am even saying
unto you [now]. (see Augustine, Bede, Lampe, and later by Wordsworth and some
older commentators from Biblehub.com).
Therefore, while I don’t agree with the Synodal translation,
I can still confidently say, that I understand why the translators made the
decisions they did and that they are reasonable decisions.
I personally prefer a translation something like I wrote
above, “I am telling you [now], that, which, [I have] also [been telling
you from] the beginning.” This option
translates την αρχην as “[from] the beginning”, και as “also”, supplies “now” and
the verb “telling you” a second time. There are at least two reasons I lean toward
this meaning. First, it seems too soon
for Jesus to repeat the “I AM” statement.
Although, I will admit it is possible.
A frustrated, “I am not changing what I have been saying...” type of
answer seems to fit the context better.
Also, according to the NA27, Bodmer Papyrus II P66 adds ειπον υμιν to the clause in
a marginal note. That produces a reading
like this, [ειπον υμιν] την αρχην ο τι και λαλω υμιν. That phrase would clearly translate something
like, “I told you in the beginning, that which I am also telling you now.” (cf. Metzger, A Textual Commentary on the
Greek New Testament, second Edition. p. 191).
In other words, the scribe of P66 clarified a difficult sentence and
made it unambiguous. P66 is a late
second century/early third century manuscript found in Egypt that probably
preserves an early second century (or so) reading. This scribal “correction” tells me that in
the late second century, in Egypt there was some confusion about the meaning of
this sentence and at least some understood the sentence as “I told you from the
beginning…”. That is good evidence from Greek
speakers who were closer, chronologically, geographically, culturally and
linguistically, to the original document and context than we are.
Finally, I want to answer my
friends original question. No, I would
not use John 8:25 as a reference to Exodus 3:14. However, this is not a big deal because I
think you can use either John 8:24 or 8:58 from the same dialogue as a
connection to Exodus 3:14. However,
there are some nuances to this and a detour needs to be taken through the LXX
and Isaiah. But that is a different
post.
